The authority to use force to effect an arrest or preserve public safety is a defining characteristic of law enforcement officers that sets them apart from other government agents. Properly applied, it can protect officers, victims, those accused of crimes, and bystanders. Misused or abused, it can do deep and lasting damage to community members and law enforcement legitimacy.

Law enforcement officers have multiple force options at their disposal, ranging from any significant physical contact that restricts the movement of a person to the use of less lethal and lethal weapons. Law enforcement agencies' use of force policies and training typically establish authorized force options, proper deployment techniques, circumstances appropriate to each authorized force option, and reporting requirements after the deployment of each force option.

cropped view of female police officer standing guard

Resources Related to Use of Force

Visit the Knowledge Lab’s full resource index here.

  • Reset

A Law Enforcement Officer's Duty Belt

Report | 2012

Emerging Use of Force Issues: Balancing Public and Officer Safety

  • Community Trust and Partnerships
  • Use of Force
  • Officer Safety and Wellness

Guidebook/Tool | 2010

Boston Police Department Enhancing Cultures of Integrity: Technical Assistance Guide

  • Community Trust and Partnerships
  • Response to Mass Demonstrations
  • Use of Force
  • Recruitment and Retention
A Law Enforcement Officer's Duty Belt

Article | 2010

Police Use of Force: The Impact of Less-Lethal Weapons and Tactics

  • Use of Force

Report, Research Brief | 2008

COPS Evaluation Brief No.3: Creating a Culture of Integrity

  • Community Trust and Partnerships
  • Stops, Searches, and Arrests
  • Use of Force
  • Public Transparency

Report | 2002

Model Statutes Project

  • Stops, Searches, and Arrests
  • Use of Force
A Law Enforcement Officer's Duty Belt

Article

Use of Deadly Force: Multiple Explanations, No Simple Solutions

  • Mental Health and Crisis Response
  • Use of Force
A Law Enforcement Officer's Duty Belt

Guidebook/Tool

Use of Force – Part II

  • Use of Force
A Law Enforcement Officer's Duty Belt

Article

Product Feature: Less-Lethal Weapons Require Training to Be Effective Force Options

  • Use of Force

Recommendations from Civil Rights Litigations

Explore the modules below to learn how Civil Rights Litigation has touched upon use of force. The information provided within these modules has been gathered from various consent decrees, settlement agreements, and assistance letters. The modules are intended to support agencies in improving their Constitutional policing practices. Additional information and resources may be needed to implement the recommendations successfully. To learn more about civil rights litigation, visit the Knowledge Lab's Federal Interventions Dashboard.

Supervision, Accountability, and Policy

De-escalation & When to Use Force

Tactics & Weapons

Reporting & Data Collection

The information provided within these modules has been gathered from various sources, including consent decrees, research, and practitioner and department-developed resources. These webpage modules are intended to be a guide for departments to use to improve their Constitutional policing practices. Additional information and resources may be needed to implement the recommendations successfully. This resource is intended to be dynamic, and the Knowledge Lab will continue to update and add to these modules to provide additional and current guidance for departments.

Empowering Law Enforcement Excellence

A Beacon of Guidance at the National Law Enforcement Knowledge Lab

Explore targeted areas such as evidence-based de-escalation, responses to mental illness, lawful procedures, and fostering just, fair, and impartial police practices. Elevate your agency's performance and legitimacy with our guidance and support.